The Common Strategies of Napoleon, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mussolini and Hitler

by Norman Berdichevsky

For more than two centuries, major conflicts involving the European powers spilled over the Mediterranean, Bosphorus, Black Sea, Suez Canal, and Caucasus mountains to engulf the adjacent areas of North Africa and the Near and Middle East in intrigue, espionage and open conflict. From Napoleon’s entry into Egypt in 1798 until the end of World War II in 1945, the vast majority of the Muslim peoples of these regions under leaders who directed their religious and political allegiance, decisively chose sides and in each case, embraced the ideologies of authoritarianism, Fascism and Nazism. more...